QUESTION: _______ was the first to argue that the sun, not earth, was the center of the universe

ANSWER: Nicholas Copernicus

QUESTION: What's The Big Deal About Destination Weddings?

If you're a newly engaged, and in the first throes of wedding planning, you're probably coming upon the term "destination wedding," "far-away wedding," or "weekend wedding" in everything you read.

Is this yet another gimmick the wedding loonies made up to vex hapless couples? No, in fact, this idea makes sense. While the term sounds, admittedly, like "wed-speak," the realities of contemporary couples, who are well-traveled or whose friends and family are separated by great distances, have made these weddings increasingly popular.

3 Types of Destination Weddings:

•  You and your beloved have relocated far from your roots, have many good friends where you both have landed, and want to stay put for your wedding.

•  You and your fiance drag your friends and business associates to where one or both of you are from.

• You pick an entirely new, different, and fascinating location to hold your celebration and invite guests to join you there (and where you will be honeymooning afterward).

All three scenarios have lots in common. Whenever you're expecting gobs of people from "everywhere" -- and most likely for at least a three-day weekend and hospitality. Proper planning can make a destination wedding memorable and unique.

QUESTION: Aspartame

ANSWER: The artifical sweetener aspartame has two normal amino acids -- aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Some researchers believe that an excessive intake of phenylalanine may increase the excitability of brain cells -- this agitated state is associated with the chain of events in a migraine-prone brain that causes a pounding headache.

QUESTION: Valerian

ANSWER: This herb is used for both anxiety relief and migraine pain relief. Keep doses low, because too much can make you hyperactive.

QUESTION: St. John's Wort

ANSWER: The herb St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is sometimes used to reduce anxiety and depression and relieve headaches.

Don't use St. John's wort if you're on birth control pills or prescription antidepressants, such as Paxil or Zoloft.

QUESTION: Lam Kam Sang Heklin

ANSWER: This big ol' raw-herb hodgepodge is said to relieve migraines fast.

QUESTION: Ginkgo

ANSWER: Ginkgo biloba, believed to improve blood flow to the brain, may help relieve your headache.

Don't use ginkgo if you take anticoagulants (blood thinners), aspirin, lithium, or ergotamine with caffeine. Check with your doctor before using this or any other herbal remedy.

QUESTION: Feverfew

ANSWER: Long used as dry leaves in tea to treat inflammation and swelling, and highly lauded as a migraine preventive, feverfew (the herb Tanacetum parthenium) reportedly helps many people. It's usually taken in capsule form. Follow the recommendations on the bottle for dosage.

Feverfew doesn't work for everyone (of course, neither does anything else). When you stop taking it, you may get jittery and have trouble sleeping for a while.

QUESTION: Chamomile Tea

ANSWER: This tea is a popular herbal treatment used to relieve migraine pain after a headache hits. It does double duty, as it also helps smooth rocky stomach woes. Drink one or two cups.

QUESTION: Bayberry Tea

ANSWER: Some people use a cup of this drink as a headache deterrent when they feel a migraine coming on. If you still develop a headache after drinking it, try drinking another cup later in the day.

QUESTION: Weekend Headache

ANSWER: On the weekends, you wake up late with an awful headache -- probably stemming from not having had your morning dose of coffee (caffeine) at the regular time (earlier on weekdays). The change in sleep duration can be a factor, also. A gradual withdrawl from caffeine drinks over a period of several weeks may help alleviate the problem. (Sometimes weekend headaches get worse and are classified as caffeine-withdrawl migraines or rebound headaches.)

QUESTION: Travel Headache

ANSWER: Those car trips that make you motion-sick can sometimes result in major-league headaches. Get rid of your headache by taking acetaminophen and getting out of the car. You can also use a preventive motion-sickness medication in advance (about 30 minutes before you get in the car).

QUESTION: TMJ Headache

ANSWER: Temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ) may be better known for it's clicking, popping jaw-joint sounds, but it's also a cause of big, bad headaches. Grinding your teeth at night adds to the problem.

QUESTION: Thunderclap Headache

ANSWER: This type is characterized by the sudden onset of a very intense headache. Consider these headaches a warning sign to go to the ER immediately, because thunderclap headaches can be caused by conditions as serious as a ruptured aneurysm (ballooning of the wall of a blood vessel) or subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain).

QUESTION: Sinus Headache

ANSWER: With this headache type, your swollen, irritated sinuses make your poor head hurt. An allergy or a cold can often cause a sinus headache. Your head pain, which often follows a sinus-blocking upper respiratory infection, hammers right above or below your eyes.

People who have chronic sinus disease usually don't have headaches. Sinus headaches are more likely to occur with acute sinusitis. You can treat a sinus headache with antibiotics (if you have a sinus infection) or decongestants.

Sometimes doctors find that people aren't sure where their sinuses are. In case you're hazy on the location of your sinuses, they're found under your cheekbone on each side, under your forehead bone, and behind your nose. (when sinuses get inflamed, your head can hurt.)

QUESTION: Post-Surgery Or Post-Injury Headache

ANSWER: If neck or head tissue is repositioned or affected significantly during surgery or a head or neck injury, the result can be a splitting headache.

QUESTION: Post-Seizure Headache

ANSWER: Following a generalized seizure, it's believed that cerebral blood vessels dilate, often resulting in a generalized headache.

QUESTION: Occipital Neuralgia

ANSWER: This is a headache characterized by sudden, stabbing pains in the back of the head. You may also have tenderness in the same area. Pain in the back of your head can be related to migraine or tension-type headaches or organic diseases.

QUESTION: Low-Blood-Sugar Headache

ANSWER: You skipped a meal or didn't eat enough, and the result is an easy-to-trace headache. Take an over-the-counter medication and eat something. Of course, even gobbling down food won't necessarily stop the chain reaction that has already been set in motion. Make sure that you don't skip your next meal. Throwing off your body's fuel clock by skipping meals is never a good thing for a migraine-sensitive system like yours.

QUESTION: Idiopathic Stabbing Headache

ANSWER: This type of headache is characterized by a one-sided, dull, aching pain combined with a recurring, sharp, ice-pick-like-pain. (This headache could down an elephant!) The cause of this headache type is unknown. You may also hear this type of headache referred to as a jabs-and-jolts headache or a stab jab headache. These are common in people with migraines. However, if you have this type of heaache with growing frequency, see your doctor for evaluation.

QUESTION: High-Altitude Headache

ANSWER: This type of headache typically occurs within 24 hours of going to an altitude above 10,000 feet. The best treatment: Descend to a lower altitude. Medications can also be effective.

QUESTION: Hangover Headaches

ANSWER: You drink too much, and you're struck with a headache the next day (or the same day). Take a headache pill of the over-the-counter veriety and bypass the hair-of-the-dog remedy.

QUESTION: Glaucoma-Related Headache

ANSWER: Glaucoma is an eye problem that can cause a bad headache. When you have an acute glaucoma attack, you may see halos around lights or experience blurred vision. You may also suffer from a headache, extreme eye and forehead pain, vomiting, and red eye. To safeguard your vision, see an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) as soon as possible if you think that your headaches may be caused by glaucoma.

QUESTION: External Compression Headache

ANSWER: This type of headache results from continued external pressure on the head (such as from swim goggles or a tight hat). External compression headaches are sometimes referred to as swim-goggle headaches.

QUESTION: Drug-Withdrawal Headache

ANSWER: This type of headache occurs when you stop the chronic use of a drug (including caffeine).

QUESTION: Decompression Headache

ANSWER: Rapid decompression (a change in the pressure of gases that your body is accustomed to) can cause nitrogen gas bubbles to form in your tissues and blood. The gas bubbles can result in headaches and even more serious problems. Decompression headaches are primarily diagnosed in divers and pilots. The decompression headache is sometimes referred to as an airplane headache.

QUESTION: Cold Stimulus Headache

ANSWER: Also called an ice-cream headache, this one hits when you consume a cold drink or cold food. It usually lasts just a minute or two.

QUESTION: Benign Sexual Headache

ANSWER: This type if headache is commonly diagnosed in people who are middle-aged. It occures during or after sexual intercourse.

To confirm that your headaches are truly benign, you need to be evaluated by your physician to make sure that they aren't caused by serious conditions, such as a brain hemorrhage or lesion.

QUESTION: Benign Exertion Headache

ANSWER: Physical activity triggers a headache that sometimes (but not always) evolves into a migraine. This headache usually occurs during or after prolonged exertion, or with intense bursts of activity. Because benign exertion headaches sometimes evolve into migraines, they're also referred to as exertion migraines.

Typically, the pain is throbbing. Activites that can trigger benign exertion headaches include coughing, running, lifting things, and bending over. To treat benign exertion headaches, stop the activity that triggers your headache and take acetaminophen.

!!!WARNING!!!: In rare cases, when the pain is sudden and severe after extertion, the headache can signal a hemorrhage inside the head (one cause of a Thunderclap Headache). So if you have any doubt about your exertion headaches, go to the Emergency Room (ER) and have a doctor explore your aching head.

QUESTION: Benign Cough Headache

ANSWER: Coughing, sneezing, lifting things, or straining with a bowel movement are all actions that can bring on benign cough headache. The pain is usually located on both sides of the head, and it can last anywhere from seconds to a few minutes. Benign cough headache is most common in men, but overall, it's rare. Before the diagnosis can be made, the doctor must do an exam and run tests to exclude problems such as a tumor.

QUESTION: Cluster Headaches

ANSWER: This headache is characterized by sudden and severe piercing pain on one side of the head. These headaches come in clusters -- appearing during several consecutive days, weeks, or months, and then disappearing, only to come back months or years later. Cluster headaches can come and go five or six times during a day. They're usually short-lived, lasting from 30 minutes to two or three hours each time.

With a cluster headache you may have a droopy-looking eyelid or sweating on the side the hurts, and you may find that moving around makes you feel better. Typically, cluster headaches aren't accompanied by nausea or vomiting. Pain comes from behind one eye. The eye may tear up or become red, and the nostril on this same side may run or feel congested.

QUESTION: Tension-type Headaches

ANSWER: With this type of headache, you have a dull ache characterized by mild to moderate pain. The aching is on both sides of your head, and it comes on slowly.

If you feel pain around your neck and the back of your head, or in the forehead and temple region -- and if the pain feels more like tightness than it does a throbbing or pounding -- then you probably have a tension-type headache. You won't have nausea or auras with this kind of headache. Tension-type headaches can occur very frequently (even daily) and are sometimes very painful.

QUESTION: Migraines

ANSWER: The key symptoms that most healthcare providers look for are a throbbing head pain that's typically one-sided, intensity that's moderate to severe, and a lengthy duration (migraines can range from a few hours up to several days). Activity may make you feel even worse. You may have accompanying nausea and vomiting, and/or sensitivity to light and sound. If you suffer from migraines, you usually have headaches on a regular basis.

QUESTION: Illumination

ANSWER: The process of decorating a manuscript. Before printing, books, were created by hand. Usually the lettering was made in black ink but often decorated with ornaments in gold and colors. Illuminated manuscripts may include marginal decorations, illustration, and intricate capital letters.

QUESTION: Icon

ANSWER: A painting or a sculpture that depicts a holy figure and is used in religious practice. Those who believe in icon worship use the icons as an aid to prayer, believing that the physical representations serve as intermediaries between them and God.

QUESTION: Freeman

ANSWER: A man who was not a slave -- not owned by another -- in a society based on slavery, such as ancient Rome, who had full rights of citizenship but did not have the wealth or family title to make him a landowner or artistocrat.

QUESTION: Foederatus

ANSWER: From the Latin for ally, a foederatus was one of the tribes bound to Rome by treaty. Foederati were not Roman colonies; those who lived in them did not enjoy Roman citizenship, but they were required to serve in the Imperial Military Force if needed.

QUESTION: Flying Buttress

ANSWER: A buttress is a stone prop that supports a wall built to significant height; a flying buttress stands apart from the wall is supports, joined by arches. Flying buttresses were significant architectural developments that allowed vaulted cathedral ceilings.

QUESTION: Exommunication

ANSWER: The formal exclusion of an individual from church membership, based on the judgement of church leaders. In the Roman Catholic tradition, a person who has been excommunicated may not receive communion or be buried in a church cemetery.

QUESTION: Ecumene

ANSWER: Derived from the Greek, the term refers to the entire inhabited world. It can also be applied to all those worldwide within a specified religion: the Islamic ecumene, for example. From this word derives the concept of an ecumenical, or, worldwide church, council.

QUESTION: Dynasty

ANSWER: A dynasty is created by a powerful ruling family that maintains its power and influence over a region or a nation for generations, even centuries, therefore, a dynasty can also mean rulership by leaders who spring from the same line of descent.

QUESTION: Crusade

ANSWER: First used in the 12th and 13th century, the term specifically referred to zealous activities furthering the goals of Christianity: The root of the word comes from the Latin word for "cross." It has since broadened to mean any shared effort for a perceived cause.

QUESTION: Chivalry

ANSWER: The system and rules of behavior for knights, comprising bravery, honor, humility, and gallantry, especially toward women. The word comes from the French "cheval," meaning horses, because knights were mounted soldiers.

QUESTION: Carolingian

ANSWER: A dynasty that included Charlemagne at it's peak and ruled western Europe from the middle of the eighth century through most of the ninth century. The term also refers to that period of history or to styles and artifacts from that time.

QUESTION: Canonization

ANSWER: The declaration by the church of a person as a saint. In the Roman Catholic tradition, a person is canonized if he or she lived a life of heroic virtue and effected or experienced more than one miracle attributable to divine intervention.

QUESTION: Canon Law

ANSWER: A collection of rules established by a council of the church and incorporated into the church's ecclesiastical law. In the Middle Ages, canon law often exerted more power than civil law. Many laws in modern legal systems originated in canon law of the Middle Ages.

QUESTION: Caliph

ANSWER: The civil and the religious ruler of the ancient Muslim world, caliph was both a position of honor and authority. The word comes from the Arabic for "successor"; the caliphate was considered a line of succession going back to the Prophet Muhammad himself.

QUESTION: Bubonic Plague

ANSWER: A highly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, carried by fleas on rats and easily transmitted to humans. It is named for the buboes, or swollen lymph nodes, that those stricken with the disease suffer in armpits, groin, and neck.

QUESTION: Ascetic

ANSWER: A person, often a religious devotee, who chooses to practice self-denial as a discipline, believing that denial of the bodily pleasures represents a path to purity or enlightenment. Many monatic orders with origins in the Middle Ages require vows of asceticism.

QUESTION: Apocalypse

ANSWER: The cataclysmic end of earthly life, predicted in Judeo-Christian tradition. In this cosmic and irreversible event, God will destroy all evil and elevate all the righteouse into heavenly eternity. Millenarians believed it would take place at the turn of the millennium.